了解中国经济的辉煌背景

党的十八大以来，面对复杂严峻的国内外环境，中国经济巨人破浪前行。习近平经济思想是在大经济建设实践中形成和发展的，为推动我国经济高质量发展提供了科学理论指导。作为马克思主义政治经济学同中国时代相适应的最新成果，习近平经济思想深刻揭示了中国经济光明前景的内在逻辑。 《习近平经济思想研究问答》（以下简称问答）近日出版。它分为 14 个部分和 50 个问题。本书以问答形式对经济发展中的一系列重要问题和难点进行了详细、全面、准确的解答。of our country.是广大党员干部和广大群众深入学习、践行习近平经济思想的重要补充读物。学会用好“问答”，了解中国经济的辉煌背景，对于统一思想、凝聚共识、创造专业发展新条件非常重要。了解党的领导是党的最大优势，也是成功驾驭中国局势的关键。搞好经济活动，关键在于保持和加强全党的领导。马克思主义认为，经济是政治的基础，政治是经济的集中表现。加强党对经济活动的全面领导是我国经济发展的根本保证。习近平总书记强调，“e system of socialism with Chinese characteristics lies in the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party.” Economic activities are the core task of the Party and the state, and carrying them out properly is the main task of the Communist Party of China in governing the country. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, our country’s economic development has been affected by the continuous decline of the global economy following the international financial crisis, and is facing multiple impacts, including the coronavirus pandemic and geopolitical crisis. The Party Central Committee, led by Comrade Xi习近平总书记将立足长远、顾全大局，全面加强党对经济活动的战略谋划和统一指挥，带领我国经济取得历史性成就。并作出一系列重要决策部署，确保我国经济船舶平稳长期航行。 “问答”第二部分系统阐述了为什么要保持和加强党对经济活动的全面领导，如何把党指导经济活动的制度优势转化为治理效能，如何提高党指导经济活动的能力和水平。它为深入认识中国经济的独特特征和制度优势提供了清晰的指导。加强党对经济领域的全面领导，才能充分发挥中国特色社会主义制度的最大优势。这一优势体现在党有完整的指导经济活动的制度机制。中央政治局时期认真调查分析经济形势。中央财经委员会（领导小组）、中央全面深化改革委员会（领导小组）将及时研究经济社会发展的主要问题和重大改革。中央经济工作会议每年确定政治方向，通过政治审计等有效监督，确保党中央重大决策部署的贯彻落实。这一优势还体现在我们党的治国理政方式上。 Taking the preparation of a five-year plan as an example, the plenary session of the Party Central Committee presents the plan, the State Council prepares a draftdor of the plan, the National People’s Congress examines it, approves it, and publishes it for implementation, effectively converting the party’s ideas into the national will.我们与整个社会一起行动。这个优点进一步体现在集中力量办大事，坚持国家一盘棋，充分发挥新国家制度优势，集中资源投向国家重点领域，使中国经济从容应对风险挑战、稳步前进。了解创新的关键驱动力。人们常常将中国经济比作一艘巨轮或一列特快列车。经济良好发展的关键是良好的电力系统。只有拥有强大的电力系统，经济发展才能保持持久的活力和竞争力。 General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that “innovation is the first driving force of development.”development” and “to advance Chinese-style modernization, science and technology must take the lead, and science, technology and innovation are the only way forward.” Deeply articulated the important role of innovation in modernization. The tenth section of “Questions and Answers” systematically explains the importance of promoting innovation, developing new productivity, achieving a high level of scientific and technological independence, and comprehensively developing and introducing human resources, and aims to promote independent innovation with characteristics chinas.Provides an authoritative theoretical guide for the unswerving pursuit of human path.了解创新背后的驱动力，有助于你了解中国经济发展奇迹的秘密和光明前景。 Currently, a new scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation are accelerating, andis developing a global competition for technological innovation.只有依靠创新发展，才能摆脱对传统道路的依赖，实现动力转型。 Since the 18th Congress of the Communist Party, our country has insisted on placing innovation at the center of the general modernization campaign and considers scientific andtechnological independence as strategic support for national development. 2025年，全社会研发投入超过3.92万亿元，研发强度达到2.8%。创新指数排名升至全球第十位。载人航天、探月等领域取得重大进展。创新是高质量发展的强大动力。 Promoting innovation-driven development is fundamentally about strengthening independent innovation capabilities, and thesee is to make good use of the key resource: human resources.习近平总书记强调，“当今世界，综合国力的竞争，归根结底是人力资源和劳动者素质的竞争”。 “创新本质上是由人才驱动的。”我国已成为人才丰富的国家。每年，我们为科学、技术、工程和数学 (STEM) 职业培养超过 500 万名毕业生。排名第一的是t in the world in terms of total number of science and technology personnel and total number of research and development personnel.人才红利持续发放，为创新发展奠定坚实基础。 Looking to the future, we must unswervingly place innovation at the center of national development, insist on the integrated promotion of education, science and technology and human resources, optimize the ecosiinnovation theme, lead industrial innovation with technological innovation, actively cultivate and develop new productive forces, and inject inexhaustible driving force into the high-quality development of China’s economy.了解实体经济是我们立业之本。从工业化的发展历程来看，以前的世界强国一般都是真正的经济强国。 If we analyze the global development scenario for more than half a century, we find that some countries have ignored the real economyand allowed the hollowing out of industry, even if they enjoy short-term economic prosperity. It turns out that it is inevitable that we will face development difficulties such as structural imbalances, social tears and lower competitiveness.一些国家陷入“中等收入陷阱”的一个重要原因是实体经济疲软。 The economyreal is the basis of a country’s economy, the fundamental source of wealth creation and an important pillar of national prosperity.制造业是经济的真正基础。习近平总书记指出，我国经济首先是实体经济，未来必须依靠实体经济。 The eleventh section of “Questions and Answers” explains in depth the important position of the real economy in the national economy and the focus on promoting the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry and strengthening and improving the digital economy, providing detailed instructions for vigorously developing the manufacturing industry and the real economy.党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视实体经济发展，毫不动摇。 I competedIndustrial activity has gradually improved, Japan’s “national base” has been strengthened, and “household assets” have also been strengthened.到2025年，制造业增加值占GDP的比重达到25%，制造业连续16年位居世界第一。我国是世界上唯一拥有全部工业门类的国家。传统产业正在加速转型和现代化。近期引进的工业机器人占全球总量的50%以上。 The total energy consumption per unit of products such as steel and clinker cement has reached the most advanced level in the world.新兴产业加速领跑。 The production and sales volume of new energy vehicles has been the highest in the world for 11 consecutive years, and the shipbuilding industry has the largest market share.international ado of the world.未来，行业将不断进步，激光制造技术整体水平将进入世界第一阶段，脑机接口应用将从医疗领域拓展到教育领域等领域。无论经济多么发达，实体经济是日本经济发展、在国际经济竞争中取得领先地位的基础。 We should insist on focusing economic development on the real economy, steadily build a strong manufacturing country, a strong quality country, a strong network country and a digital China, promote the sophistication of the industrial base, promote the modernization of the ind打造产业链，提高经济质量、效率和核心竞争力。了解大规模开放扩张的关键法宝。开放带来进步，但孤立也不可避免地带来回归。 This is history andThis is a correct conclusion verified by practice.过去，中国的经济发展是在开放条件下实现的。未来，中国经济要在更加开放的条件下实现高质量发展。习近平总书记强调，“对外开放是我国经济持续快速发展的重要动力”。 “问答”第十二节深入阐释构建高水平开放型经济新体制、推动“一带一路”高质量发展、引领经济全球化的战略考量和现实要求。 It provides a course of action to constantly expand openness in all directions,participate in and lead global economic governance, and promote mutually beneficial cooperation.党的十八大以来，我国坚持经济全球化正确方向，不断扩大规则、法规、管理、标准等制度性开放，构建全球高水平自贸区网络，形成了更大范围、更宽领域、更深层次的开放格局。日本货物贸易总额连续多年位居世界第一，服务贸易也位居世界第一。数字贸易快速发展，“投资中国”金字不断擦亮，产业链供应链国际合作有序推进。开放型经济的韧性和活力，为中国开辟了更大的发展空间，也给世界带来了新的发展机遇。 In today’s world, the changes that occurred du上个世纪的年轮正在加速，让全球经济在迷雾中寻找方向。深刻认识中国经济的美好未来，必须站在全球经济治理的宏大尺度上。提出并理解中国的角色和责任。少数西方国家主导的传统经济全球化模式内在矛盾日益凸显。新自由主义逻辑加剧了贫富分化，全球治理走到了新的十字路口。一个伟大国家的伟大，不在于其大小，而在于其巨大的贡献和责任。 Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping has kept the world in mind, creatively proposed the concept of building a community with a shared future for humanity and four major global initiatives, and brought Chinese wisdom to solve problems.mas de desarrollo global.中国is a champion of new concepts of global governance and an activist that combines knowledge and action. We will firmly uphold the multilateral trading system with the World Trade Organization as the core, promote the effective implementation of the RCEP, jointly build a high-quality Belt and Road, cultivate human resources through the Luban Workshop, and benefit thousands of people through the Small but Beautiful Livelihood Project.积极推动《巴黎协定》实施，完善人工智能治理，将其从“硬件”公共产品拓展为制度和“软件”公共产品。果断全方位扩大开放，是我国经济发展的重要法宝。 Only by firmly following the path of open development, we develop while integrating with the world, benrich the world while developing and promoting the construction of an open world economy, we will be able to create a favorable external environment for our own high-quality development and paint a new picture in which China and the world win.认识协调发展和安全的重要保障。根据经济学和社会学原理，安全是市场经济运行、社会繁荣最根本的“公共产品”。从国家繁荣发展的逻辑来看，稳定的经济秩序保障就业，让人民安居乐业，有力支撑内部稳定。强大的经济安全是我国抓住国际竞争与合作机遇的前提。 The thirteenth question and answer section details key principles, key areas andpractical requirements for coordinating development and safety, providing guidelines to promote high-quality development and high levels of safe and positive interactions.十八届全国Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping has made a series of important remarks focusing on the coordination of development and security, creatively proposing a comprehensive concept of national security, emphasizing quality development, high-level security and promoting positive interaction, and providing scientific guidance to respond to complex changes in the domestic and international environment.近年来，我国经济韧性显着提升。粮食生产已从“吃饱”转向“吃好”。粮食总产量稳定在14亿公斤，人均粮食保有量超过500公斤。着力构建自主可控、安全可靠的产业链和供应链，在新能源汽车、太阳能、5G等领域具有较强优势。 A personality is formed. Key core technologies in key areas such as integrated circuits and core software will continue to make new breakthroughs, effectively avoiding the risk of “decoupling and disconnection” from the outside.我们正在为人民筑起严密的生命安全网，计划到2025年全国基本医疗保险覆盖13.3亿多人。网络基础设施保障能力不断提升，到2025年累计解决各类网络安全威胁2.1万起。为切实保护网络空间主权和人民合法权益，网络空间法治化进程正在加快。 Practice has demostrado que lograr el gran rejuvenecimiento de la nación china requiere de todo, desde un alto grado de estabilidad social hasta una fuerte resiliencia económica y la autogestión de los alimentos, la energía, la industria y las cadenas de suministro, la ciencia y la技术。我们已经打下了坚实的基础。必须坚持安全发展基本盘，有效防范各种风险”black swan” and “gray rhinoceros” incidents, achieve a high level of security with high-quality development, ensure high-quality development with a high level of security, and provide important support to achieve long-term stable development. (Fuente de este artículo: Diario Económico Autor: Li Yuzhu, Lianxin, Centro de Investigación del Pensamiento Económico Xi Jinping)
（编辑：邓浩）